The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) shows good overall internal consistency with a pooled Cronbach's alpha of 0.81
A reliability generalization meta-analysis of 34 articles (40 independent estimates, total N=16,022) found that the GSES has good internal consistency (pooled alpha = 0.81, 95% CI [0.79, 0.82]). Significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 ≈ 85%), and publication year moderated internal consistency estimates. Reliability induction (e.g., omitting reliability coefficients) was common in nearly 58% of initially retrieved studies.
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The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) shows good overall internal consistency with a pooled Cronbach's alpha of 0.81 The current body of evidence comprises 1 study and 1 meta-analysis. EvidenceHub rates the overall confidence at 49/100 (low).
The Claim
The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) shows good overall internal consistency with a pooled Cronbach's alpha of 0.81
This conclusion is most relevant to: General and clinical samples from 34 studies (total N=16,022) that used the GSES.
What the Research Shows
The conclusion draws on 1 linked study. Highlights from the cited literature:
- ▸The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale: A reliability generalization meta-analysis of internal consistency. (Sleep medicine, 2026) —
How It Works
The proposed biological pathway:
- ▸GSES items assess conscious sleep effort
- ▸Reliability generalization meta-analysis aggregates alpha coefficients across studies
- ▸Random-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation
- ▸Pooled alpha indicates good internal consistency
Who Might Benefit
Evidence fit by population:
- ▸General and clinical samples from 34 studies (total N=16,022) that used the GSES
Recommended Dose
N/A
Limitations & Caveats
Important context when interpreting this evidence:
- ▸High heterogeneity (I2 ≈ 85%) suggests variability in reliability estimates across studies
- ▸Only studies reporting Cronbach's alpha were included, potentially excluding those with other reliability measures
- ▸Publication year was the only significant moderator; other factors (language, age, sex, sample type, design, quality) did not explain heterogeneity
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES)?▼
The GSES is a questionnaire that measures the extent to which individuals consciously try to control their sleep, often used in insomnia research.
What is the overall internal consistency of the GSES?▼
The pooled Cronbach's alpha is 0.81 (95% CI [0.79, 0.82]), indicating good internal consistency.
Does the reliability of the GSES vary across studies?▼
Yes, there is significant heterogeneity (I2 ≈ 85%), and only publication year was a significant moderator; other sample characteristics did not explain the variability.
What is reliability induction in this context?▼
Reliability induction refers to citing previously reported reliability coefficients instead of reporting sample-specific ones; it was observed in nearly 58% of initially retrieved studies.
References
- 1.Gaspar V, Dias SF, Broomfield NM, Espie CA, Marques DR. “The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale: A reliability generalization meta-analysis of internal consistency..” Sleep medicine, 2026. PMID: 42570354 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109182